The memory of the “Century of Humiliation”—a period when foreign powers subjugated and exploited China—remains central to how many Chinese think about their nation. China is the homeland that suffered exploitation, learned painful lessons, and emerged determined to never be weak or disrespected again. This informs contemporary perspectives on national strength, sovereignty, and cautious engagement with the world.
Yet, it is not purely about resentment. It also means that China today represents resilience, a civilization that overcame turmoil and now seeks respect and cooperation.
The desire for “win-win” development and peaceful relations often springs from this historical narrative: Having experienced subjugation, Chinese people appreciate stability and mutual benefit.
China, in the collective memory, is both a wounded patient who has healed and a vigilant guardian determined to ensure that such trauma never recurs.