The Principal Contradiction (主要矛盾) is a Marxist analytical concept central to Chinese governance, describing the primary challenge or tension that shapes a society at a given time. In China, identifying and addressing the Principal Contradiction has been a key framework for guiding policy and development priorities.
Under Xi Jinping, the CCP declared a new Principal Contradiction during the 19th National Congress in 2017:
"The contradiction between unbalanced and inadequate development and the people's ever-growing needs for a better life."
This represents a shift from the earlier focus on material scarcity to addressing inequality, social welfare, and quality of life in the context of China’s economic transformation.
The concept of the Principal Contradiction is rooted in Marxist dialectics, emphasizing that societies evolve by resolving dominant contradictions. In China, this framework has evolved over time:
1949–1981:
The contradiction was defined as "the conflict between the people’s need for rapid economic development and the backwardness of the productive forces."
Focus: Economic reconstruction and industrialization.
1981–2017:
The contradiction shifted to "the conflict between the growing material and cultural needs of the people and underdeveloped social production."
Focus: Reform, opening-up, and economic growth.
2017–Present:
The current Principal Contradiction highlights challenges of inequality, environmental sustainability, and unbalanced regional development.
Focus: Inclusive growth, social equity, and quality of life.
1. Addressing Regional Inequalities:
Reducing disparities between urban and rural areas, and between coastal and inland regions.
2. Improving Quality of Life:
Prioritizing education, healthcare, housing, and environmental protection.
3. Balancing Economic Growth with Equity:
Ensuring that economic benefits are distributed fairly across all segments of society.
4. Sustainable Development:
Promoting green technology and environmental conservation to ensure long-term prosperity.
For Chinese citizens, the Principal Contradiction reflects the CCP’s commitment to adapting its policies to meet evolving societal needs. It resonates as a framework that prioritizes people’s aspirations for prosperity, equity, and well-being.
Key Achievements:
Poverty Eradication:
The elimination of extreme poverty by 2020 reflects efforts to address unbalanced development.
Healthcare and Education Access:
Expanded rural healthcare systems and educational infrastructure demonstrate progress in improving quality of life.
Environmental Reforms:
Policies promoting renewable energy and pollution control address sustainability concerns.
1. Rural Revitalization Initiatives:
Programs to improve rural incomes, infrastructure, and public services reflect the commitment to balanced development.
2. Anti-Corruption Campaigns:
Efforts to eliminate corruption align with public expectations for fairness and integrity in governance.
3. Urban-Rural Integration:
Projects like expanding high-speed rail networks and e-commerce penetration into rural areas reduce regional disparities.
4. Green Energy Investments:
China’s leadership in renewable energy aligns with the need for sustainable development.
5. Housing Reforms:
Policies to ensure affordable housing address the growing demand for improved living conditions.
Contradiction as a Theoretical Tool:
Americans may view the concept of the Principal Contradiction as overly abstract, overlooking its practical application in policymaking.
Focus on Equity vs. Efficiency:
The emphasis on resolving inequalities may seem at odds with the efficiency-driven focus of Western economies.
Dynamic Nature of the Concept:
The idea that societal priorities can shift based on evolving contradictions might be misinterpreted as inconsistency, rather than adaptability.
The Principal Contradiction reflects the CCP’s ability to adapt Marxist theory to China’s unique and evolving conditions. For Chinese citizens, it signals a government that actively reassesses and addresses their needs. By focusing on unbalanced and inadequate development, the CCP aligns its policies with the aspirations of a more prosperous, equitable, and sustainable society.